Library
A Department of Learner Support Services
University of Bradford >> Library >> Electronic Resources >> Referencing with the Harvard System
When citing references in text use the surname of author and date of publication. Examples:
If there are 2 authors use both surnames. Example:
If more than 2 authors use the first author surname and et al. Example:
GODFREY, J.C. and SLATER, M.J., eds.,1994. Liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
GOURDON, C. et al., 1994. Population balance based modelling of solvent extraction columns. In: GODFREY, J.C. and SLATER, M.J., eds. Liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp 137-226.
MARSHALL, V.C., 1989. What goes wrong? In: 5th Annual European Summer School on Major Hazards : the assessment and control of risk : 24th-28th July 1989 Christ's College, Cambridge. London, IBC Technical Services Ltd.
The bibliography is list of references which appears at the end of the paper, thesis or report.
The references are listed in alphabetical order e.g. GANAPATHY before GODFREY before GOURDON.
If an author is cited more than once then the references are given in date order. e.g. MARSHALL, V.C.,1989. before MARSHALL, V.C., 1990
If an author is cited more than once within the same year then the references are distinguished in the text and list of references by lower case letters i.e. a,b,c ... e.g. WORSTELL, J.H., 1996a. before WORSTELL, J.H., 1996b.
GANAPATHY, V., 1996. Heat-recovery steam genearators : understand the basics. Chemical Engineering Progress, 92(8), pp32-45.
GODFREY, J.C. and SLATER, M.J., eds.,1994. Liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
GOURDON, C. et al., 1994. Population balance based modelling of solvent extraction columns. In: GODFREY, J.C. and SLATER, M.J., eds. Liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp 137-226.
MARSHALL, V.C., 1989. What goes wrong? In: 5th Annual European Summer School on Major Hazards : the assessment and control of risk : 24th-28th July 1989 Christ's College, Cambridge. London, IBC Technical Services Ltd.
SEMPLE, T.C. and WORSTELL, J.H., 1996. Rethink your model for improving processes. Chemical Engineering Progress, 92(3), pp56-61.
Follow the same basic rules as given for printed sources. Examples:
The text citation for the second example above would be Cross and Towle (1996) (as with a printed source).
Available from: replaces the In: used with printed sources.
The URL is given in full and not just the site name.
Sites change, move and disappear. It may be wise to make a copy or print for reference.
If possible cite as from the printed version even if you have found your information on an electronic version.
If the journal does not have a printed version make the citation as close to a printed citation as possible. Example:
LODER, N., 1997. Euroscience takes its first step. Next Wave [online] updated 27 June 1997 (In the loop). Available from: http:/www.nextwave.org/server-java/SAM/loop.html [accessed 27 Jun 1997].
The references which you find in other texts may follow a different system e.g. The Numerical system numbers references from (1) onwards in the text and lists the references at the end of the work in numerical order. The Numerical system reference contains the same data, but in a slightly different order.
The different referencing systems are outlined in British Standards 1629 and 5605.
Electronic citations are covered by BS ISO 690-2.
Adapted from a PowerPoint Presentation prepared for students in 1st year Chemical and Civil Engineering courses by Pamela Tidswell July 1997.
Further examples may be viewed from campus only in the Chemical Engineering Department's page on Harvard Referencing written by Dr. Jeremy Double.